Pendididkan Kewarganegaraan untuk Generasi Milenial

07/11/2018 IKA PKn Opini 1941

Oleh: Tubagus Saputra
(Alumni PKn UPI, Mahasiswa SPs Departemen Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)
 
 
Saat ini kita hidup di zaman serba canggih dan segalanya serba mudah. Mau apa-apa tinggal buka gadget lalu klik dan klik apa yang kita sedang inginkan. Contoh ketika kita sedang lapar atau ingin berpergian ke suatu tempat, jika dahulu kita harus keluar rumah dan mengeluarkan sedikit besar tenaga, kini kita tinggal bukan gadget lalu pesan makanan dan atau transportasi itu pun akan datang ke rumah dengan sendirinya.  Begitulah potret kemajuan zaman dewasa ini yang sudah sepatutnya kita syukuri.
Meski pun demikian adanya, di tengah-tengah kemajuan zaman yang serba modern seperti sekarang ini memandang perlu adanya suatu upaya-upaya untuk membiasakan ke arifan luhung tidak lekas ditinggalkan begitu saja. Contohnya seperti budaya sopan dan santun, menghargai proses, dan daya juang yang harus senantiasa dibiasakan dan dibinakan di dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Hal ini berkenaan dengan mempersiapkan warga negara muda yang cerdas dan baik yang dapat di andalkan oleh bangsa dan negara untuk mengisi kemerdekaan dengan partisipasi yang positif dan efektif guna menyongsong hari esok yang lebih baik.  Upaya ini yang dinamakan dengan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (PKn).
Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan menurut Somantri (1976, hlm.28) memiliki tujuan mendidik warga negara yang baik, yang dapat dilukiskan dengan “warga negara yang : patriotik, toleran, loyal terhadap bangsa dan negara, beragama, demokratis …… Pancasila sejati”. Sedangkan menurut Wuryan dan Syaifullah (2008, hlm.9) Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan adalah sarana untuk membekali peserta didik dengan pengetahuan  dan kemampuan dasar berkenaan dengan hubungan antar warga negara dengan negara serta pendidikan pendahuluan bela negara agar menjadi warga negara yang dapat di andalkan oleh bangsa dan negara. Dalam pada itu secara lebih lanjut Wahab dan Sapriya (2011) menegaskan bahwa ruang lingkup Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan meliputi politik, hukum, pemerintahan, dan nilai serta moral yang berlandaskan pada Pancasila dan UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Dengan demikian maka, Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan mesti dipersiapkan dengan tepat dan cermat komposisi materi dan bahan-bahan penunjang pembelajarannya oleh para praktisi PKn agar dapat secara efektif dan efisien menumbuhkan karakter warga negara yang cerdas dan baik.
Di dalam meramu bahan dan strategi serta bentuk evaluasi pembelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan maka mesti memperhatikan objek kajian dari Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Objek kajian Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan itu sendiri dalam Buku CIVICS “Ilmu Kewarganegaraan” yang di tulis oleh Sri Wuryan dan Syaifullah (2008) meliputi tingkah laku warga negara, tipe pertumbuhan berpikir, potensi setiap diri warga negara, hak dan kewajiban, cita-cita dan aspirasi, kesadaran (patriotisme, nasionalisme) dan usaha, kegiatan, partisipasi dan tanggung jawab warga negara.  Dengan demikian maka, seperti di kemukakan oleh Somantri (2001, hlm.276) bahwa civicsbukan semata-mata mengajarkan Pasal-Pasal UUD, melainkan harus mencerminkan pula hubungan perilaku warga negara dalam kehidupannya sehari-hari dengan manusia lain dan alam sekitarnya. Oleh sebab itu, peran guru dalam mengajar dan membelajarkan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan kepada warga negara muda menjadi titik krusial yang mesti mendapatkan perhatian dalam hal ini.
Berkenaan dengan hal tersebut, penulis hendak membagi hasil berpikir reflektifnya hal ihwal upaya bagaimana menanamkan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan ini bagi Generasi Milenial dewasa ini. Dalam kehidupan dewasa ini generasi milenial (warga negara muda di bawah 25 Tahun) dapat dikatakan sedang mengalami krisis pada aspek etika dan moralitas di samping ada lagi aspek-aspek yang lainnya. Contoh akhir-akhir ini banyak anak muda yang rendah atau bahkan tidak memiliki kesadaran akan nilai-nilai kesopanan dan santun terhadap orang yang lebih tua, pemanfaatan teknologi untuk menyebarkan konten-konten yang bersifat negatif seperti mengandung unsur kekerasan, asusila, memancing konflik, hoax (kebohongan), bawa kendaraan tidak mengenakan standar keselamatan dan membawa surat-surat, dan pemanfaatan teknologi itu sendiri yang pada akhirnya menggerus nilai-nilai yang seharusnya diterapkan ketika hendak bersilaturahmi, seperti pada saat berkumpul, bertemu dan bertatap muka malah asyik memainkan gadget dan lain-lain, serta senang berkata-kata kasar di sosial media dan lain sebagainya. Hal demikian itu, apabila tidak segera ditanggulangi maka di khawatirkan pada rusaknya etika dan moralitas warga negara muda yang pada puncaknya berujung pada runtuhnya jati diri bangsa yang dengan kata lain, bisa mengarah pada bubarnya negara.
Guna mencegah dan/atau menanggulangi hal-hal demikian tersebut maka dalam Bedah Buku Political Education dari Robert Brownhill dan Patricia Smart karangan Idrus Affandi (2017) diketengahkan metode doktrin dan dialog. Esensi dari Pendidikan Politik diantaranya adalah membentuk karakter dan jiwa warga negara yang tangguh dan bermoral. Oleh karena itu, proses metode doktrin digunakan kepada warga negara yang kosong atau tidak memiliki wawasan dan pengetahuan terhadap politik. Doktin berarti mengisi pengetahuan dan wawasan serta pembiasaan keterampilan dari guru kepada murid. Sedangkan proses dialog digunakan kepada warga negara yang telah memiliki wawasan dan pengetahuan terhadap politik. Dialog berarti adanya situasi bertukar pikiran antara guru dan murid yang dilandasi oleh keimanan dan ketaqwaan terhadap Allah SWT, semangat kekeluargaan dan cinta terhadap kebijaksanaan dan ilmu pengetahuan. Dengan mengimplementasikan proses pendidikan politik yang berbasiskan kepada metode doktrin dan dialog diharapkan kelak akan terbentuk warga negara yang cerdas dan baik sebagai hasil atau tujuan daripada demokrasi politik atau kata lain dari Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan.
Ki Hajar Dewantara (dalam Apandi, 2015) mengemukakan bahwa Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodo, Ing Madya Mangun Karsa, Tut Wuri Handayani.Oleh sebab itu, seorang guru harus dapat menunjukan kewibawaan di depan para muridnya (Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodo), menyampaikan materi dengan baik dan benar (Ing Madya Mangun Karsa), dan memberikan motivasi kepada tiap muridnya untuk senantiasa berbuat untuk kemajuan (Tut Wuri Handayani).
Maka dengan demikian, Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan untuk generasi milenial dapat dipraktekan melalui metode doktrin dan/atau dialog warga negara dan guru harus senantiasa memegang prinsip Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodo, Ing Madya Mangun Karsa, Tut Wuri Handayani. Semoga guru-guru PKn dimana pun ia berada selalu sejahtera dan bahagia serta diridho’i oleh Allah SWT. Aamiin.

REFERENSI
Affandi, I. (2017). Bedah Buku Political Education dari Robert Brownhill dan Patricia Smart. Bandung : Kencana Utama
Apandi, I. (2015). Guru Kalbu. Bandung: CV. SMILE’s Indonesia Institute
Somantri, N. (1976). Metode Mengajar Civics. Jakarta : Erlangga
Somantri, N. (2001). Menggagas Pembaharuan Pendidikan IPS. Bandung : Rosda Karya dan PPS UPI
Wahab dan Sapriya. (2011). Teori dan Landasan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Bandung : Alfabeta
Wuryan dan Syaifullah. (2008). Civics : Ilmu Kewarganegaraan. Bandung : Laboratorium Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan UPI

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